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\fpz;zp\ Njhw;Wtha;
(fpz;zpahtpd; tuyhw;Wr; RUf;fk;)

<otsj; jpU ehl;by; gutyhf rpjwp thOk; K];yPk;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; nrwpthf tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,e;j tifapy; fpof;fpoq;ifapy; fhj;jhd;fbf;F mLj;jgbahf Vef;Fiua 70>000 K];yPk;fisf; nfhz;l xU gpuNjr rig fpz;zpahthFk;. ,f; fpz;zpahtpd; Njhw;Wtha;g; ngau; ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa Mokhd Ma;Tfs; ,Jtiu ntsptuhik tUe;jj; jf;fJ. fpz;zpahtpd; Njhw;Wtha; gw;wp Kjd; Kjyhf 1995 k; Mz;L ku;`{k; s.l.m. kjhu; mjpgu; mtu;fshy; 'fpz;zp" vd;w jiyg;gpy; Mrpupa gapw;rp fyhrhiyapy; vOjg;gl;lJ. mjidj; njhlu;e;J ku;`{k; m.e.h. kh`hj; tPuNfrupg; gj;jpupifapy; NkNyhl;lkhd rpy rpe;jidj;Jspfis ntspapl;bUe;jhu;. ,itfisAk; fiyf; fsQ;rpaj;ijAk; fyhepjp Firkpahtpd; Neub re;jpg;Gf;fspypUe;Jk; ngw;w jfty;fis nfhz;Lk; KjpNahu;fspd; njhlu;ghly; %yk; ngw;w jfty;fisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fpz;zpahtpd; Njhw;Wtha; vd;w Ma;Tr;rpe;jid Jspia cq;fs; Kd; itg;gjpy; kfpo;r;rpailfpNwd;.

fpz;zpah Vwf;Fiwa 350 Mz;LfSf;F Nkw;gl;l tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;lnjhU gpuNjrkhFk;. ,jdhy; ,f;fpz;zpahtpw;Nf cwpj;jhd ghuk;gupak;> fyhrhuk; vd;gd jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jd. ,q;F 5 tifahd K];yPk;fs; 3 fhfl;lq;fspy; FbNawpAs;sdu;. mit

1. ghuk;gupaj; njhlu;Gila ,yq;if K];yPk;fs;. (1639)
2. xy;yhe;juhy; mioj;J tug;gl;l ,e;NjhNdhrpa> [hth K];yPk;fs;. (1796)
3. kPd;gpbj; njhopio ghuk;gupakhff; nfhz;l Flhf;fiu K];yPk;fs;.(1917)
4. nksyhd guk;giu K];ypk;fs;. (1780)
5. nkhNuhf;Nfh ehl;L K];yPk;fs;. (1783)

Kjyhk; gFjp K];yPk;fs; 17k; Ehw;whz;L gpw;gFjpapy; (1639) ,d;iwa jk;gyfhkg; gpuNjrj;jpd; Ks;spahtiy vd;Dkplj;jpypUe;J Fbngau;e;J ngwpahw;W KidapYk; rpd;df;fpz;zpah JiuabapYk; kjw;FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;fs;. ,tu;fs; kiuf;fhu; gukgiuapdnud ,d;Dk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wu;. 18k; Ehw;whz;by; jpUNfhzkiyf; Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpapUe;j xy;yhe;ju; jq;fsJ $ypahl;fyhf [hth K];yPk;fis mku;j;jpapUe;jdu;. 1796y; Mq;fpNyauhy; xy;yhe;ju; Juj;jpabf;fg;gl;l NghJ $ypahl;fyhd [hth ,dj;jtu;fs; jg;gpNahbngwpa fpz;zpahtpd; ngwpahw;W Kidapy; milf;fsk; GFe;jdu;. ,tu;fisj;Juj;jp te;j Mq;fpNyaf; fg;gy; fiu jl;ba ,lNk ,d;Wk; 'fg;gy; jl;ba Jiu" nad miof;fg;gLfpwJ. %d;whtJ gFjpapdu; 2k; cyf kfh Aj;j fhyj;jpy; ag;ghdpauhy;rPdf;FlhtpYs;s ngw;Nwhypaf;Fjq;fs; jhf;fg;gl;l nghOJ mq;fpUe;J jg;gpNahb rpd;df;fpz;zpahtpd; flw;fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpy; FbNawpa Flhf;fiu kf;fs; $l;lj;jpduhtu;.

ehd;ftJ guk;guapdu; nksyhd guk;giuapduhFk;. ,tu;fs; ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; Nghd;w ehLfspypUe;J FbNawpa ntz;zpw cau;e;j Njhw;wKila K];yPk;fshtu;. ,tu;fspy; ,Utu; fpz;zpah ngwpahw;W KidapDhlhf FbNawpa xUtu; fpz;zpah ngwpa gs;spthaypYk; kw;nwhUtu; ,bkd; gfjpapy; FbNawpapUe;J mq;F jpUkzk; Gupe;J Fu;Mid Kiuahff; fw;Wf; nfhLf;f Muk;gpj;jtu;fshFk;. ,tu;fspd; topj; Njhd;wsy;fNs ,d;wk; jq;fspd; ngau;fSld; nlsyhdh vd;Dk; ngaiu ,izj;J miof;fpd;wdu;. ,g;Nghj ,g; ngau; etPdj;Jtk; ngw;W kiwe;J tUfpd;wJ. fhyQ; nrd;w cykhrigj; jiytu; ,];khapy; nksyhdh > v];.vy;.vk;. `]d; m];fup Nghd;wtu;fs; ,g;guk;giuapdu; vd;Nw $wg;gLfpd;wdu;.

mt;thuhd 5tJ guk;giuapdNu nkhNuhf;f ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j K];yPk;fyhFk;. ,tu;fs; 1883y; Mq;fpNyauhy; ,yq;fif;F ehLflj;jg;gl;l fUg;ghd RUl;il Kb nfhz;l guk;giuapduhFk;. ,tu;fspd; xU gpuptpdNu FwpQ;rhf;Nfzp> fhf;fhKidg; gFjpfspy; FbNawp tho;e;J te;jdu;. ,tu;fspd; topj;Njhd;wy;fis ,d;Wk; mg;gFjpfspy; fhdf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

fpz;zpah vd;w ngaiu Muk;g fhy K];yPk;fis tpl 2tJ jlitahf FbNawpa [hth ,dj;jtNu ngaupl;ljhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. fpz;zpahg; gpuNjrk; tpz;zhq;F kur;NrhiyfyhfNt fhdg;gl;ljhfTk; ,k;kuk; [hth nkhopapy; 'fp;z;zp" vd miof;fg;gl;ljhy; 'fpz;zp" vd;w ngaiu mtu;fs; toq;fpapUg;gu; vd Cu;fspd; ngau;fs; gw;wpa fiyf; fsQ;rpaj;jpypUe;J mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.tpz;zhq; kuk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gjw;F 2 Mjhuq;fisf; $lf; fhl;l KbAk;.

1. ,d;iwa Fl;bf;fuhr;rpg; ghyj;jpDila ngau; tpz;zq;fl;bg; gyif ghykhFk;. tpz;zhq;F kuKk; gyifAk; ,yFthf ,g;gpuNjrj;jpNyNa fpilj;jikapdhw;whd; ,g;gbahd xU ghyj;ij vkJ %jhijau; fl;bapUf;fyhk;.

2. FbapUg;Gf;fs; ,lk; ngwhj ikathbfs; midj;Jk; tpz;zhq;F ku Ntu;fisAk; Jspu;fisAk; nfhz;bUg;hijAk; $wyhk;. Nkw;gb 'fpz;zp" vd miof;fg;gl;l ,g; ngau; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; fpz;zpah vd kUtp khw;wk; ngw;wpUf;fyhk; vd $wyhk;.

1871 Fbrd kjpg;gPl;bd; gb fpz;zpah gpuNjr Fbj;njhif 2420 MFk;. ,jpy; [hth K];yPk;fs; 810 Nguhthu; 1945k; Mz;bd; gpd; ,g;gpuNjrf; Fbj;njhif mjp Ntfkhf mjpfupj;jJ fhuzk; Flhf;fiuapypUe;J fpz;zpahitNehf;fp ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fs; njhifapduhFk;. ,d;W Vwf;Fiwa 75>000 kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspy; ghy; tpfpjhrhuj;jpd;gb ngz;fis tpl Mz;fNs mjpfkhFk; %d;W fl;lq;fshf FbNawpa 5 if K];ypk;fSk; ,s;W ,uz;lwf; fye;J tpl;ldu;.

,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; ghuk;gupankd;W $Wfpd;w nghOJ thioab thioahf gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUk; gof;f tof;fq;fshFk;. ,e;j tifapy; ,];yhkpa fyhr;rhuj;Jf;F Kuzhfhj tifapy; ,lk; ngw;W te;j rPdb> rpyk;gb Nghd;w tpisahl;L epfo;r;rpfisAk; Fuit> jfuh> ug;ghd; Nghd;w fspahl;l epfo;r;rpfisAk; Muhj;jpnaLj;jy;> fho; fOTjy;> Rd;dj;J nra;Ak; gps;isfis Fjpiuapy; Vw;wp Cu;tyk; tUjy;> khQ;Nrhiy mt;ypahf;fSf;F ehu;rh> fhzpf;if nfhLj;jy; Nghd;w fypahdj;Jld; njhlu;ghd epfo;r;rpfisAk; uhj;jpg; nra;jy;> kt;Yhj; XJjy;> fe;Jhup nfhLj;jy; Nghd;sw rka Mrhu epfo;r;rpfisAk; nfhz;ltu;fshfTk; mQ;rh neQ;rj;Jld; JzpT kpf;ftu;fshfTk; tho;e;j xU kf;fs; $l;lj;jtu; vd;w ghuk;gupa kpf;ftuhthu;. ,itfspy; gy ,d;W kUtpf; nfhz;L tUtijAk; mNj Neuj;jpy; gr;ir> ePyk; vd;w fl;rp NtUghl;Lg; ghuk;gupak; epiyj;jpUg;gijAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

,g;gpuNjrk; xU kPd; gpbf; FbapUg;ghfNt cUthfpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;nkd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; Kj;Jf; Fspj;jYk;> tptrhaKk; tsu;r;rp fz;lJ fle;j 5 jrhg;jq;fSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj tu;j;jfKk; mur cj;jpNahfKk; ,lk; ngwj; njhlq;fpd. ,d;W ,g;gpuNjr kf;fspd; ngUk; gFjpapdu; tptrhapfshfTk; mjpYk; rw;W Fiwe;j gFjpapdu; kPd; gpbj;njhopypYk; <Kgl Fiwe;j xU gFjpapdNu mur NritapYk;> tu;j;jfj;jpYk; <Kgl;Ls;sdu; ,jdhy; ,g;gpuNjr kf;fspd; tho;ifj; juKk; jiyf;Fwpa tUkhdKk; Fiwe;jtu;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.

jiyf;Fupa njhiyj; njhlu;G> Rfhjhuk; thfd trjp Nghd;w r%f fyhr;rhu gz;ghl;Lr; Rl;bfspYk; kpff; Fiwe;j mbkl;lj;jpNyNa tho;fpd;wdu; ,jdhy; nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy; mgptpUj;jp Fd;wpa xU gpNjrkhfNt fpz;zpahitf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

1908k; Mz;by; rpd;df; fpz;zpahtpy; KjyhtJ ghlrhiyf; nfhl;by; mikf;fg;gl;lhYk; C.W.W. fd;dq;fuhtpd; ,ytrf;fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpd; gpd;Ng epiyahd fy;tp Kiwnahd;W ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,lk; ngwj; njhlq;fpaJ. md;W Kjy; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; Mrpupau;fshf ,yq;ifj; jkpou;fSk; kl;lf;fsg;G K];yPk;fSNk flik Gupe;jdu;. ,tu;fSs; ,g;gpuNjr fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;l fhrpehju; [ahit epidT gLj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. gy k`h tpj;jpahyaq;fs; ,Ue;Jk; tpQ;Qhdk;> kUj;Jtk;> nghwpapay;< Kfhikj;Jtk;< rl;lk; Mfpa Jiwfspy; gy;fiyf; fofk; nry;Yk; khztu; njhif Vida gpuNjrq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; kpff; Fiwe;Nj fhdg;gLfpd;wJ. vkJ fpz;zpahg; gpuNjrj;jpd; vjpu; fhyk; fy;tp mgptpUj;jpapNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ vd;gij vtuhYk; kWf;f KbahJ. vdNt Jbg;Gs;s ,d;Dk; gy mikg;Gf;fs; cUthfp fy;tp mgptpUj;jpia Jupjg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj vkJ NguththFk;.

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